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Written by Palak Mall, Senior Content Writer · reviewed by Arvind Kumar, Lab Equipment Specialist, 12+ years in laboratory supply · updated 17 October 2026

Properties of Air lists eight items for air-pressure, vacuum and kinetic-theory work in school and college physics labs: an electric rotary vane vacuum pump, a single-barrel vacuum pump with plate, a pump plate for bell jars, Magdeburg hemispheres, a Bourdon gauge, a bell in a bell jar, a kinetic theory model and a bromine diffusion kit. Figures below are the ones given in each listing.

Vacuum pumps and plates

The electric pump is the one for repeated class use: its listing describes it as relatively quiet and suited to long running, and the large oil charge means long intervals between oil changes. The two plates differ in size. The 175 mm plate comes with its own single-barrel pump, while the 250 mm plate is a stand for larger bell jars, connected to a separate pump by rubber tubing.

Demonstrating air pressure

The force holding the evacuated hemispheres together is the air pressure times the area of the 75 mm circle. With a perfect vacuum inside and standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa outside, that works out at roughly 450 N, about the weight of a 45 kg mass; a school pump leaves some air inside, so the real figure is lower. The bell in the bell jar fades as the air is removed, because sound needs a medium to travel through. Its jar fits either pump plate in this range, as both are larger than 150 mm.

Molecules in motion

• Kinetic Theory Model: a clear Perspex tube on a plastic enclosure, with a rubber diaphragm at the bottom vibrated by a piston driven from a low-voltage DC motor through an eccentric cam, and a loose-fitting metal cap on top. Small metal spheres, 1/8 inch in diameter, act as the gas molecules, and free-sliding card discs load the top. It is listed for showing molecular motion, the thinning of air with altitude, and the rise of pressure and volume with temperature; power connects through colour-coded 4 mm sockets.
• Bromine Diffusion Kit: two diffusion tubes 430 mm long and 50 mm in diameter, six glass cap tubes, six bored rubber stoppers, two large-bore 8 mm stopcocks with rubber bungs, twelve pieces of rubber tubing 125 mm long with 12 mm bore, two plastic adaptors, a cleaning brush and petroleum jelly, for showing the diffusion of bromine through air and through a vacuum. Bromine is not among the listed contents. It is toxic and corrosive, so this is a teacher demonstration in a fume cupboard.

Run in air and then in an evacuated tube, the bromine kit shows why diffusion is slow at normal pressure: the bromine molecules keep colliding with air molecules, and once the air is pumped out the brown vapour fills the tube almost at once.

Related ranges

This range is part of Mechanics & Fluid Mechanics. Boyle’s law and Charles’s law apparatus are under Properties of Liquids, and the free-fall tube that needs a vacuum pump is under Motion & Acceleration.

Questions buyers ask

What vacuum does the electric pump reach?
Its listing gives an ultimate vacuum of 15 micron and a free air displacement of 40.8 litres per minute, from a 1/4 hp motor on 115 V or 220 V, 50 Hz.

Is a pump plate included with the bell in a bell jar?
No. It needs a pump plate of at least 150 mm. The Vacuum Pump with Plate (175 mm) and the Vacuum Pump Plate with Base (250 mm) both qualify.

Does the Bourdon gauge read gauge pressure?
No. It is listed for actual total gas pressure, not gauge pressure, on a dual scale of 0 to 50 lb/in² and 0 to 3.5 kg/cm².

How large are the Magdeburg hemispheres?
About 75 mm in diameter, with a stopcock and a removable handle on one hemisphere.

Request a quotation

List the items and quantities, with the mains voltage for the electric pump, and send it through the contact page.